-
1 collective preferences
эк. коллективные предпочтения (предпочтения группы лиц относительно каких-л. вариантов выбора; могут быть определены путем голосования)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > collective preferences
-
2 consistent preferences
эк. непротиворечивые предпочтения (характеризующиеся свойством транзитивности; предпочтения рационального потребителя должны быть непротиворечивы в любой заданный момент времени; коллективные предпочтения рациональных индивидов (определяемые путем голосования) могут оказываться противоречивы)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > consistent preferences
-
3 preference
сущ.1)а) общ. предпочтение, предпочтительностьto give smth. the preference over smth. — отдавать чему-л. предпочтение перед чем-л.
in preference to any other — предпочитая что-л. или кого-л. всем остальным
in order of preference — в порядке [по степени\] предпочтения
б) общ. то, чему отдается предпочтение; что-л. предпочтительноеwhat is your [have you any\] preference? — что вы предпочитаете?
I have no preference. — Мне все равно [безразлично\].
в) эк., преим. мн. предпочтение (отношение потребителя к различным вариантам выбора, заключающееся в том, что один вариант выбора больше нравится потребителю и поэтому он предпочитает этот вариант другим)The person can give a reason to his preference. — Человек может объяснить свой выбор [свои предпочтения\].
A preference is an attitude, a choice is an action. — Предпочтение — это отношение, а выбор — это действие.
Syn:See:collective preferences, consistent preferences, consumer preferences, consumers' preference, customer preferences, revealed preferences, preference decision, preference model, preference scale, preference test, preference similarity hypothesis, indifference, preferable, preferability, representation, ordinal utility approach, demand theory2)а) эк., юр. льгота, преимущественное право, преференция (экономическое или иное преимущество, предоставленное какому-л. лицу, организации или государству, напр., право одного из кредиторов на получение выплат в счет погашения долга ранее других кредиторов)See:б) межд. эк. преференция (льгота, предоставляемая одной страной другой стране в виде снижения ставок таможенных пошлин или освобождения от обложения импортными таможенными пошлинами)See:tariff preferences, preferential duty, preferential treatment, Generalized System of Preferences, preference-giving country, preference-receiving country, preference erosion* * *право кредитора на преимущественное удовлетворение; предпочтение; преимущественное право. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *-----Международные перевозки/Таможенное правольготная таможенная пошлина, установленная на товары, ввозимые из страны, имеющей определенное соглашение со страной-импортером -
4 single peaked
прил.эк. с одним пиком (характеристика предпочтения индивида, при которой движение от пика к соседним вариантам выбора означает непрерывное падение полезности; когда у всех голосующих предпочтения имеют один пик, парадокса голосования не возникает)When all preferences are single peaked, majority voting yields a stable result. — Когда предпочтения всех избирателей имеют один пик, голосование по принципу простого большинства приводит к стабильному результату.
See: -
5 double peaked
прил.эк. с двумя пиками (характеристика предпочтений индивида, при которой движение от пика к соседним вариантам выбора означает сначала падение полезности, а потом ее рост)See: -
6 public choice
пол. общественный выбор (одно из ответвлений теории рационального выбора, утверждающее, что политический анализ лучше всего осуществлять посредством изучения поведения индивидов, рассматриваемых как рациональные и эгоистичные акторы)See: -
7 representation
сущ.1) общ. представление (информация о чем-л., которой обладает определенное лицо)See:2) эк., мат. представление, задание, отображение (выражение информации о каких-л. функциональных зависимостях реального мира в виде числовой функции)representation of preferences between commodity bundles — задание предпочтений относительно наборов благ
See:3) стат. репрезентативность (показательность каких-л. наблюдений, возможность распространять выводы частичного обследования на весь изучаемый объект)See:4) общ. репрезентация, представление информацииа) (представление какой-л. информации кем-л. кому-л.)б) (обязанность страхователя или страхового брокера предоставить страховщику всю известную ему или ожидаемую информацию, относящуюся к объекту страхования)See:5) юр., торг., амер. заявление (без ссылки на результат)* (согласно закону "О продаже товаров" 1979 г.: заявление, сделанное стороной договора в целях создания у другой стороны представления о фактическом положении вещей, не обязывающее сторону, сделавшую заявление, к каким-л. действиям; отличается от положения договора; в случае, если заявление без ссылки на результат ошибочно принимается за положение договора, оно признается искажением фактов и подлежит регулированию законом "Об искажении фактов" 1967 г.)See:Sale of Goods Act 1979, contract of sale of goods, statement 4), misrepresentation, Misrepresentation Act 19676) эк., юр. представительство (в общем случае: ситуация, при которой одно лицо предоставляет интересы другого лица или других лиц; особенно в каком-л. совещательном органе)See:bioregional representation, equal representation, employee representation, full representation, political representation, proportional representation, trade representation, worker representation, party of representation, representation agreement, representation election, Representation of the Peoples Act -
8 system
n1) система2) способ; метод3) сеть4) строй•to deploy a system — размещать / разворачивать систему (напр. обороны)
to formulate a system — разрабатывать / вырабатывать систему
to overhaul / to reform a country's political system — перестраивать политическую систему страны
- abolition of the systemto set up a system — создавать / учреждать систему
- accounting system
- administrative system
- advanced system
- advantages of the system
- air-based system
- aircraft telecommunications system
- antagonistic systems
- anti-ballistic missile system
- anti-missile defense system
- anti-missile space defense system
- anti-satellite systems
- ASAT systems
- authoritative system
- automated management systems
- automated system
- automatic control system
- automatic data processing system
- banking system
- bipartisan system
- biparty system
- bonus system
- break-up of the system
- British entry into the European Monetary System
- bureaucrat system
- capitalist economic system
- capitalist system
- career development system
- centrally planned system
- clan system
- classified national defense system
- collapse of the system
- collective security system
- communal system
- communications system
- competitive price system
- complex system
- comprehensive system
- compulsory purchase system
- computer system
- constitutional system
- contract system
- control system
- conventional system
- country programming system
- credit and banking system
- credit system
- crisis of the system
- cultural system
- currently-operating system
- decentralized system
- defense system
- deficiency of the system
- delivery system
- democratic political systems
- deterrent system
- different social systems
- disintegration of the system
- distribution system
- dynamic international system
- early warning system
- ecological system
- economic system
- educational system
- effective system
- efficient system
- election system
- electoral system
- electronic system
- EMS
- European Monetary System
- exploitation system
- exploiting system
- fair system
- family-planning system
- federal grant system
- finance and credit system
- financial system
- first-past-the-post voting system
- forecasting system
- formation of the system
- free enterprise system
- free market system
- generalized system of preferences
- global system
- grid system
- ground-based system
- health care system
- health system
- historically established system
- home security system
- immunity system
- industrial system
- inequitable system
- information system
- INIS
- institutional system
- integrated system
- intelligence system
- International Nuclear Information System
- international system
- International Trusteeship System
- irrigation system
- job-by-job system of payment
- judicial system
- land tenure system
- land-based antiballistic missile system
- legal system
- liberalization of the political system
- life-support system
- majority system
- management system
- managerial system
- mandate system
- mandatory system
- market system
- mayor-council system
- merit system
- metric system
- missile and satellite detection system
- missile delivery system
- misuse of the judicial system for political purposes
- monarchical system
- monetary and credit system
- monetary system
- monitoring system
- monopolistic system
- motor-road and railway system
- multifaceted system
- multilateral payments system
- multiparty system
- mutually-acceptable system
- national accounting and control system
- national defense system
- new arms systems
- noncapitalist system
- obsolete social system
- old system
- one-man-one-vote system
- one-member-one-vote system
- one-party system
- opposing social systems
- optimum system
- outmoded system
- overhaul of the tax system
- parliamentary system
- party system
- payments system
- pension system
- people's democratic system
- philosophical system
- planning system
- political system
- post adjustment system
- power system
- preferential system
- premium system
- presidential system
- price system
- private enterprise system
- program budgeting system
- proportional representation system
- public pension system
- records system
- regimented political system
- remnants of the system
- reports system
- republican system
- ruling system
- safeguards system
- satellite-tracking system
- sea-based system
- security system
- social security system
- social system
- socio-economic system
- socio-political system
- space defense system
- space weapons systems
- space-based system
- spoils system
- stability system
- stable system
- state political system
- state system
- state-managed social security system
- strategic nuclear-weapon systems
- submarine-based system
- supply system
- system of collective security
- system of exploitation
- system of geographical distribution
- system of government and public organizations - taxation system
- technologically advanced weapons systems
- territorial system
- training system
- transition to a multiparty system
- tribal system
- trusteeship system
- two-party system
- united economic system
- visa system
- voting system
- wage system
- world system
- world trading system -
9 Agriculture
Historically, Portugal's agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. Agricultural inefficiency is a consequence of Portugal's topography and climate, which varies considerably from north to south and has influenced farm size and farming methods. There are three major agricultural zones: the north, center, and south. The north (the area between the Douro and Minho Rivers, including the district of Trás-os-Montes) is mountainous with a wet (180-249 cm of rainfall/year), moderately cool climate. It contains about 2 million hectares of cultivated land excessively fragmented into tiny (3-5 hectares) family-owned farms, or minifúndios, a consequence of ancient settlement patterns, a strong attachment to the land, and the tradition of subdividing land equally among family members. The farms in the north produce the potatoes and kale that are used to make caldo verde soup, a staple of the Portuguese diet, and the grapes that are used to make vinho verde (green wine), a light sparkling white wine said to aid the digestion of oily and greasy food. Northern farms are too small to benefit from mechanization and their owners too poor to invest in irrigation, chemical fertilizers, or better seeds; hence, agriculture in the north has remained labor intensive, despite efforts to regroup minifúndios to increase farm size and efficiency.The center (roughly between the Douro and the Tagus River) is bisected by the Mondego River, the land to either side of which is some of the most fertile in Portugal and produces irrigated rice, corn, grapes, and forest goods on medium-sized (about 100 hectares) farms under a mixture of owner-cultivation and sharecropping. Portugal's center contains the Estrela Mountains, where sheep raising is common and wool, milk, and cheese are produced, especially mountain cheese ( Queijo da Serra), similar to French brie. In the valley of the Dão River, a full-bodied, fruity wine much like Burgundy is produced. In the southern part of the center, where the climate is dry and soils are poor, stock raising mixes with cereal crop cultivation. In Estremadura, the area north of Lisbon, better soils and even rainfall support intensive agriculture. The small farms of this area produce lemons, strawberries, pears, quinces, peaches, and vegetables. Estremadura also produces red wine at Colares and white wine at Buçelas.The south (Alentejo and Algarve) is a vast rolling plain with a hot arid climate. It contains about 2.6 million hectares of arable land and produces the bulk of Portugal's wheat and barley. It also produces one of Portugal's chief exports, cork, which is made from bark cut from cork oaks at nine-year intervals. There are vast groves of olive trees around the towns of Elvas, Serpa, and Estremoz that provide Portugal's olives. The warm climate of the Algarve (the most southern region of Portugal) is favorable for the growing of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and carobs. Almonds are also produced. Farms in the south, except for the Algarve, are large estates (typically 1,000 hectares or more in size) known as latifúndios, worked by a landless, wage-earning rural work force. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, these large estates were taken over by the state and turned into collective farms. During the 1990s, as the radicalism of the Revolution moderated, collectivized agriculture was seen as counterproductive, and the nationalized estates were gradually returned to their original owners in exchange for cash payments or small parcels of land for the collective farm workers.Portugal adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) when it joined the European Union (EU) in 1986. The CAP, which is based on the principles of common pricing, EU preferences, and joint financing, has shifted much of Portugal's agricultural decision making to the EU. Under the CAP, cereals and dairy products have experienced declines in prices because these are in chronic surplus within the EU. Alentejo wheat production has become unprofitable because of poor soils. However, rice, tomatoes, sunflower, and safflower seed and potatoes, as well as Portuguese wines, have competed well under the CAP system. -
10 system
n1. система, спосіб, метод2. устрій, лад3. класифікація4. вчення- bipartisan system амер. двопартійна система- colonial system колоніальна система- control and reporting system система повідомлення і наведення- detection and tracking system система виявлення і стеження за ціллю- deterrent system система "стримування" противника шляхом залякування- dual purpose weapons system система зброї подвійного призначення- electoral system виборча система- feudal system феодальна система- forward-based systems (FBS) система/ сили передового базування- General S. of Preferences Генеральна система преференцій- harmonized system гармонізована система- international safeguards system система міжнародних гарантій- monetary system грошова система- moribund system лад, який відживає- muli-purpose weapons system система зброї багатоцільового призначення- national information systems національні інформаційні системи- non-nuclear conventional weapons systems системи неядерної зброї- nuclear weapons system система ядерної зброї- political system державний лад- presidential-election system система президентських виборів- rationing system карткова система- satellite communication system система супутникового зв'язку- sea-based ABM system ПРО морського базування- single monetary and credit system єдина грошова і кредитна система- social system суспільний лад- sophisticated delivery system вдосконалені системи доставки- sophisticated weapons systems вдосконалені системі зброї- strategic nuclear weapons systems ядерна зброя стратегічного призначення- strategic system стратегічна система (зброї)- two-party system амер. двопартійна система- warning system система попередження/ оповіщення- weapons system система зброї- system of collective security система колективної безпеки- system of government система управління- system of nuclear deterrence система ядерного стримування- system of philosophy філософська система- system of safeguards система гарантій- system verification система контролю- to consolidate the monetary system зміцнювати грошову систему- to soften up the system ослабляти систему
См. также в других словарях:
Margaret Gilbert — is a philosopher best known for her work in the philosophy of social science, and, more specifically, for her founding contributions to the analytic philosophy of social phenomena. She has also made substantial contributions to other… … Wikipedia
Voting paradox — This article is about the arguably irrational results that can arise in a collective choice among three or more alternatives. For the contention that an individual s vote will probably not affect the outcome, see Paradox of voting. The voting… … Wikipedia
Informationseffekt — Dieser Artikel oder Abschnitt bedarf einer Überarbeitung. Näheres ist auf der Diskussionsseite angegeben. Hilf mit, ihn zu verbessern, und entferne anschließend diese Markierung. Informations Effekte sind ein Begriff der politischen Soziologie… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Informationseffekt (Politische Soziologie) — Der Informations Effekt ist ein Begriff der politischen Soziologie und ordnet sich ein in die Diskussion über Auswirkungen des allgemein niedrigen Wissensstandes der Bevölkerung auf die Demokratie. Informations Effekte nach Althaus bezeichnen… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Goldsmith Book Prize — The purpose of the Goldsmith Book Prize is to recognize works that [improve] government through an examination of the intersection between press, politics, and public policy. The prize is awarded to the book published in the previous year that… … Wikipedia
Sexual field — A sexual field is an arena of social life whereby individuals compete for sexual status. The term builds on Pierre Bourdieu s (1980) concept of field and has been defined as a set of interlocking institutions (Martin and George 2006) and an… … Wikipedia
JEUX (THÉORIE DES) — La théorie des jeux est, parmi les techniques de la recherche opérationnelle, celle qui s’occupe spécialement des situations dans lesquelles plusieurs personnes ont à prendre des décisions dont dépend un résultat qui les concerne. Les diverses… … Encyclopédie Universelle
industrial relations — 1. the dealings or relations of an industrial concern with its employees, with labor in general, with the public, etc. 2. the administration of such relations, esp. to maintain goodwill for an industrial concern. [1900 05] * * * Introduction also … Universalium
Arrow's impossibility theorem — In social choice theory, Arrow’s impossibility theorem, the General Possibility Theorem, or Arrow’s paradox, states that, when voters have three or more distinct alternatives (options), no voting system can convert the ranked preferences of… … Wikipedia
Nakamura number — In cooperative game theory and social choice theory, the Nakamura number measures the degree of rationality of preference aggregation rules (collective decision rules), such as voting rules. It is an indicator of the extent to which an… … Wikipedia
Collaborative search engine — Collaborative Search Engines (CSEs) are an emerging trend for Web search and Enterprise search within company intranets. CSEs let users concert their efforts in information retrieval (IR) activities, share information resources collaboratively… … Wikipedia
